La hipertensión arterial en Cuba según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2018-2019

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una condición médica grave que aumenta significativamente los riesgos de enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras. La mayoría de personas hipertensas ignoran que lo son. Es muy importante medir la presión arterial de manera periódica, es la única forma de detectar la enfermedad. Objetivo: Valorar indicadores de morbilidad por hipertensión arterial y pre hipertensión en el país, a partir de los hallazgos de la prevalencia, tratamiento y control de la enfermedad dados por Encuesta Nacional de Salud, concluida en el año 2019. Métodos: Como parte de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Cuba 2018-2019, se realizó un estudio transversal, con el objetivo de identificar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, según las variables sociodemográficas, zona geográfica de residencia, en el momento del diagnóstico; el manejo y control de los hipertensos conocidos y la clasificación de los nuevos hipertensos según las cifras sisto/diastólicas presentadas en el momento del diagnóstico. Incluyó a población de 15 años y más, residentes en zonas urbanas y rurales. Resultados: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en Cuba fue de 37,3 %, superior en las mujeres con 40,2 %, tanto a nivel global como en las áreas geográficas urbana y rural. Predominaron los hipertensos de ambos sexos en las áreas urbanas. Se incrementó la hipertensión en la medida que lo hizo la edad. Conclusiones: Existió un incremento en la prevalencia total de hipertensión arterial en Cuba en los últimos 24 años. Esta fue superior a la dispensarización reportada a nivel nacional en el primer nivel de atención de salud.

Introduction: High blood pressure is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of cardiovascular and other diseases. Most hypertensive people are unaware that they are. It is very important to measure blood pressure periodically, it is the only way to detect the disease. Objective: To assess indicators of morbidity due to hypertension and pre-hypertension in the country, based on the findings of the prevalence, treatment and control of the disease given by the National Health Survey, concluded in 2019. Methods: As part of the National Health Survey, Cuba 2018-2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out, with the aim of identifying the prevalence of high blood pressure, according to sociodemographic variables, geographic area of ​​residence, at the time of diagnosis; the management and control of known hypertensive patients and the classification of new hypertensive patients according to the systolic/diastolic figures presented at the time of diagnosis. It included the population aged 15 and over, residing in urban and rural areas. Results: The prevalence of arterial hypertension in Cuba was 37.3 %, higher in women with 40.2 %, both globally and in urban and rural geographic areas. Hypertensive patients of both sexes predominated in urban areas. Hypertension increased as age did. Conclusions: There was an increase in the total prevalence of arterial hypertension in Cuba in the last 24 years. This was higher than the dispensarization reported at the national level in the first level of health care.

Caracterización de la hipertensión arterial esencial en adolescentes / Characterization the essential hypertension in adolescents

RESUMEN Fundamento: la hipertensión arterial es causa importante de morbilidad, daño de órganos diana, donde la detección precoz de adolescentes hipertensos asintomáticos es importante como marcador de riesgo de hipertensión futura durante la edad adulta. Objetivo: caracterizar la hipertensión arterial esencial en adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico longitudinal retrospectivo, en adolescentes ingresados en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña, de la provincia Camagüey procedente de las áreas de salud no diagnosticados por pesquisa sistemática, sino por estar sintomáticos, durante el periodo comprendido desde enero 2017 a enero 2019. El universo quedó constituido por 42 pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial esencial. Resultados: el mayor número de hipertensos fue el sexo masculino en ambos grupos de edades, color de piel blanca, los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial, y la obesidad como los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la cefalea como la manifestación clínica más frecuente, el tratamiento no farmacológico se recomendó en todos los pacientes, junto al tratamiento farmacológico en la mayoría de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial esencial constituye un problema de salud en los adolescentes estudiados, los cuales se asociaron con la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Los antecedentes patológicos familiares de hipertensión arterial y la obesidad fueron los más frecuentes.

ABSTRACT Background: hypertension is an important cause of mobility, damage of target organs, where precocious detection of hypertensive adolescents without symptoms is important as a marker of risk of future hypertension during adult age. Objective: to characterize essential hypertension in adolescents. Methods: a longitudinal retrospective analytic study was carried out in teens affiliated in the University Pediatric Hospital Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña, of the province Camagüey, coming from the areas of health diagnosed by systematic investigation, but for being symptomatic, during the period understood from January 2017 to January 2019. El the universe was compound for 42 patients with diagnosis of essential hypertension. Results: the greatest number of hypertensive was the masculine sex in both age groups, white skin, the family record of hypertension, and the obesity as cardiovascular risk factors, headaches as the most frequent clinical manifestation, the non-pharmacologic treatment was recommended in all patients, along with the pharmacologic treatment in the majority of the patients. Conclusions: the essential hypertension constitutes a problem of health in the studied teens, which were associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The familiar pathological antecedent of hypertension and obesity were the most frequent.

[Antihypertensive drugs in psychiatry : Prescription behavior and potential drug-drug interactions]. / Antihypertensiva in der Psychiatrie : Verordnungsverhalten und Interaktionspotenzial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mental illnesses are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease-related mortality. Antihypertensive drugs are used particularly for the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In combination with psychiatric medication there is a potential for interaction, which can impair the achievement of therapeutic goals. OBJECTIVE: The prescription behavior for antihypertensive drugs in psychiatric clinics and practices in German-speaking countries as well as the interaction potential with psychotropic drugs were investigated. METHODS: The AGATE "index day" database, which anonymously stores patient data on age, sex, psychiatric main diagnosis as well as the prescribed commercial preparations collected in AGATE institutions (hospitals and community practitioners), was analyzed. The possible interactions were analyzed with PSIAC. RESULTS: Between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2016, 27% of all 21,980 patients recorded had a prescription for at least 1 antihypertensive drug, rising to 72% among patients over 80 years old. Of the patients treated with antihypertensive drugs, 48% received antihypertensive monotherapy. The importance of antihypertensive drug combination treatment increased with age. A median of 7 active substances were prescribed to the patients which mathematically results in 21 interactions. The simultaneous administration of psychotropic and antihypertensive drugs can result in an increased risk of hypotension, insufficient blood pressure reduction or QTc prolongation. CONCLUSION: Antihypertensive drugs are important in the treatment of psychiatric patients. An interaction test should be performed if pharmacotherapy is to be supplemented or changed. Where appropriate, measures to improve drug treatment safety should be considered.

Eficácia do travoprosta 0, 004% na redução da pressão intraocular em pacientes com glaucoma / Travoprosta 0, 004% efficacy in intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do colírio TRAVAMED® (travoprosta 0,004%) (Ofta, Brasil) na redução da pressão intraocular (PIO), em pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA) ou hipertensão ocular (HO), bem como avaliar os efeitos colaterais decorrentes do uso da droga. Métodos: estudo randomizado, controlado, com 70 olhos de 38 pacientes acima de 18 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de GPAA ou HO. Todos os pacientes receberam o colírio TRAVAMED® como primeira droga a ser introduzida no tratamento, tendo sido utilizada uma gota uma vez ao dia (à noite), e 30 dias após foram submetidos à tonometria de aplanação (Goldmann) para mensuração da PIO, com o mesmo examinador, no mesmo tonômetro e nos mesmos horários. Resultados: A média de redução da PIO após 30 dias de uso do TRAVAMED® foi de 7,46 mmHg. Em relação aos efeitos colaterais, 15,71% (11) dos olhos apresentaram hiperemia conjuntival, 8,57% (6) apresentaram dor, 8,57% (6) apresentaram ardência, 2,86% (2) apresentaram embaçamento visual e em 1,56% (1) dos olhos não houve queda significativa da PIO. Conclusão: A medicação TRAVAMED® foi eficiente na redução da PIO após 30 dias de uso contínuo, na dose de 1x/dia. Acerca dos efeitos colaterais, os mais observados foram hiperemia ocular (15,71%), dor (8,57%) e ardência (8,57%), porém estudos com maior tempo de seguimento se fazem necessários.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate how much decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) with TRAVAMED® (travoprost 0,004%) (Germed, Brazil) in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OH) and possible side effects. Methods: controlled and randomized study, it was evaluated 70 eyes of 38 patients with age of 18 years old or more diagnosed with POAG and OH. All the patients had TRAVAMED® as first drop for treatment used once daily (at night) and 30 days later they had IOP measured by Goldmann tonometry, with the same examiner in the same tonometer at the same times. Results: the mean decrease in IOP was 7,46 mmHg after 30 days using the drops. 15.71% (11) of eyes had conjunctival redness, 8.57% (6) had pain, 8.57% (6) had burning, 2.86% (2) had blurring vision and 1.56% (1) of the eyes there wasn't a significant reduction in IOP. Conclusion: TRAVAMED® was efficient when evaluating IOP decrease. The most correlated side effects were conjunctival redness (15.71%), pain (8.57%) and burning (8.57%), but studies with longer follow-up are needed.

Relation between baseline LDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular outcomes in high cardiovascular risk hypertensive patients: A post-hoc SPRINT data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, noticeably hypertensive patients, have multiple CV risk factors which may be treatment targets. LDL-cholesterol is one of such targets. Using the SPRINT cohort, studying the cardiovascular outcomes of hypertensive patients at increased CV risk, this post-hoc study aimed to assess the association of LDL-C with CV outcomes. METHODS: Clinical outcomes were those defined in SPRINT: a composite of various CV outcomes, all-cause mortality, and CV mortality. Association between LDL-C and the primary outcome was analyzed using survival regression adjusted on confounding factors (age, sex, body-mass index, active smoking status, eGFR-estimated kidney function, history of CV disease, Framingham risk score, SPRINT treatment arm (intensive or control), baseline high-density-lipoprotein-bound cholesterol, and co-treatments by aspirin and statins). RESULTS: LDL-C was not associated with the primary outcome in the overall cohort (n = 9631). Among patients in secondary prevention (i.e. with a previous history of CV disease) (n = 1562), LDL-C was marginally associated with the incidence of the primary outcome (adjusted hazard-ratio 1.005 (95% CI = 1.002-1.009), p = 0.005 (per 1 mg/dl increase)) however, discrimination was poor with a ROC AUC of 0.54, p = 0.087. There was no association between LDL-C and the primary outcome in other subgroup analyses (those under statin or not, and those in primary prevention). CONCLUSION: This post-hoc analysis of SPRINT indicates that LDL-C levels do not influence cardiovascular events over a period of 3 years in a large cohort of hypertensive patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events but without previous history of clinical cardiovascular disease other than stroke.

Exercise physiological responses to drug treatments in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

We tested the hypothesis that patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) that was deemed to be inoperable were more likely to respond to drugs for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by using cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing than those with CTEPH that was deemed to be operable. We analyzed CPX testing data of all patients with CTEPH who were treated with PAH drugs and had undergone CPX testing before and after treatment at a single pulmonary hypertension center between February 2009 and March 2013. Suitability for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was decided by experts in PEA who were associated with a treatment center. The group with inoperable CTEPH included 16 patients, the operable group included 26 patients. There were no differences in demographics and baseline hemodynamic data between the groups. Unlike patients in the operable group, after drug treatment patients with inoperable CTEPH had a significantly higher peak V̇o2 (P < 0.001), work load (P = 0.002), and oxygen pulse (P < 0.001). In terms of gas exchange, there was an overall net trend toward improved V̇e/V̇co2 in the group with inoperable CTEPH, with an increased PaCO2 (P = 0.01), suggesting reduced hyperventilation. No changes were observed in patients with operable CTEPH. In conclusion, treatment with PAH drug therapy reveals important pathophysiological differences between inoperable and operable CTEPH, with significant pulmonary vascular and cardiac responses in inoperable disease. Drug effects on exercise function observed in inoperable CTEPH cannot be translated to all forms of CTEPH.

Haemodynamic changes in emergency department patients with poorly controlled hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance index in emergency department patients with poorly controlled hypertension; and to determine the frequency in which antihypertensive drugs prescribed do not address the predominant haemodynamic abnormality. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in an emergency department of a 1400-bed tertiary hospital in Hong Kong. Patients aged 18 years or above, with systolic blood pressure of ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥100 mm Hg based on two or more measurements and on two separate occasions within 2 to 14 days, were included. Haemodynamic measurements were obtained using a non-invasive Doppler ultrasound monitor. Doctors were blinded to the haemodynamic data. Any antihypertensive medication adjustment was evaluated for correlation with haemodynamic changes. RESULTS: Overall, 164 patients were included. Their mean age was 69.0 years and 97 (59.1%) were females. Systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output were elevated in 65.8% (95% confidence interval, 57.9-72.9%) and 15.8% (10.8-22.5%) of patients, respectively. Systemic vascular resistance index and cardiac index were elevated in 43.9% (95% confidence interval, 36.2-51.8%) and 19.5% (13.9-26.5%) of patients, respectively. Of 71 patients in whom antihypertensive medications were adjusted, 25 (35.2%; 95% confidence interval, 24.5-47.5%) were prescribed agents that did not correlate with the primary haemodynamic abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of haemodynamic changes in emergency department patients with poorly controlled hypertension is characterised. The antihypertensive drugs prescribed did not correspond to the patient's primary haemodynamic derangement in 35% of cases.

Quality of life and treatment adherence in hypertensive patients: systematic review with meta-analysis / Qualidade de vida e adesão ao tratamento em hipertensão: revisão sistemática com metanálise

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify the effects of antihypertensive treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) on the health-related quality of life of individuals with hypertension. METHODS We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis using the following databases: IBECS, LILACS, SciELO, Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scopus and the Brazilian Capes Theses and Dissertations Database. The statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager, version 5.2. The average difference was used for the summarization of meta-analytic effect by the fixed-effect model. Twenty studies were included. RESULTS The summarization of the effect showed an average increase of 2.45 points (95%CI 1.02-3.87; p < 0.0008) in the quality of life of individuals adhering to non-pharmacological treatment for arterial hypertension. Adherence to pharmacological treatment indicated an average increase of 9.24 points (95%CI 8.16-10.33; p < 0.00001) in the quality of life of individuals with arterial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Non-pharmacological treatment improves the overall quality of life and physical domain of people with arterial hypertension. Adherence to pharmacological treatment has a positive impact on the mental and physical domains of patients, as it did on the overall quality of life score.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar os efeitos do tratamento anti-hipertensivo (farmacológico e não-farmacológico) na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de pessoas com hipertensão arterial. MÉTODOS Foi conduzida revisão sistemática com metanálise utilizando as bases de dados IBECS, Lilacs, SciELO, Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scopus e o banco de teses da Capes. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Review Manager versão 5.2. Foi utilizada a diferença da média na sumarização do efeito metanalítico pelo modelo de efeito fixo. Vinte estudos foram incluídos. RESULTADOS A sumarização do efeito mostrou incremento de 2,45 pontos na média (IC95% 1,02-3,87; p < 0,0008) da qualidade de vida em pessoas com adesão ao tratamento não farmacológico para hipertensão arterial. A adesão ao tratamento farmacológico indicou aumento de 9,24 pontos na média (IC95% 8,16-10,33; p < 0,00001) da qualidade de vida em pessoas com hipertensão arterial. CONCLUSÕES O tratamento não-farmacológico melhora a qualidade de vida global e o domínio físico de pessoas com hipertensão arterial. A adesão ao tratamento farmacológico impacta positivamente nos domínios mental, físico e escore total da qualidade de vida.

Aspectos clínicos e metabólicos da hipertensão do avental branco / Clinical and metabolic aspects of white coat hypertension

INTRODUÇÃO: A Hipertensão do Avental Branco (HAB) éuma condição clínica caracterizada por níveis elevados de pressãoarterial no consultório que não se mantêm nas medidas realizadasna ausência do médico. Artigos recentes têm demonstradoque tal condição não é tão benigna quanto se imaginava noque diz respeito a lesão de órgãos alvos e alterações metabólicas.OBJETIVO: Rever e discutir os achados recentes da literaturaque abordam esta condição clínica. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foirealizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs e Medline com osseguintes descritores: hipertensão do avental branco; monitorizaçãoambulatorial da pressão arterial e lesões em órgãos-alvo.62 artigos originais escritos em português ou inglês de 1986a 2015 foram incluídos, sendo que após exclusões permaneceramapenas 13 artigos para análise. RESULTADOS: Verificou--se que a HAB esteve associada com uma maior prevalência deisquemia miocárdica (p<0,001) e microalbuminúria (p<0,001)em comparação com pacientes normotensos, sendo que a espessuraíntima-média da carótida também foi significativamentemaior entre os indivíduos com HAB. Em relaçao à sindromemetabólica, a HAB esteve associada mais frequentemente à intolerânciaà glicose, níveis elevados de triglicerídeos e colesteroltotal plasmáticos, além de maior prevalência de diabetes quandocomparados com os normotensos. Histórico familiar de hipertensãotambém esteve mais presente nos portadores de HAB em comparação aos normotensos ;p<0.05. CONCLUSÃO:Os dados acima descritos sugerem que a HAB é uma condiçãoclínica que se associa a alterações cardiológicas, nefrológicas,vasculares e metabólicas, devendo ser mais investigada e monitorizadade perto pelo médico assistente.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: White Coat Hypertension (WCH) is aclinical condition characterized by high levels of blood pressurein the office, which do not remain in the doctor?s absence.Recent studies have shown that this condition is not as benignas imagined in relation to target organ damage and metabolicalterations. OBJECTIVE: To review and discuss the literatureaddressing this clinical condition. METHODOLOGY: Thesurvey was conducted in electronic databases Lilacs andMedline with the following keywords: white coat hypertension;ambulatory blood pressure and damage to target organs. A totalof 62 original articles written in portuguese or english from1986 to 2015 were included. After exclusions only 13 articlesremained for analysis. RESULTS: It was found that WCH wasassociated with a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease(p<0.001), microalbuminuria (p<0.001) and higher intimamediathickness of the carotid artery. This condition was alsomore often associated with glucose intolerance, elevated levelsof triglycerides and total cholesterol plasma, as well as higherprevalence of diabetes compared with normotensive. Familyhistory of hypertension was also more prevalent in patients withWCH compared to normotensive; p<0.05. CONCLUSION:The data suggest that WCH is a condition associated withdamage to the heart, kidneys, brain and blood vessels as wellas deleterious metabolic changes. New longitudinal studies andclinical trials are needed to clarify whether there is an associationbetween WCH with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular eventsand need for pharmacological treatment.(AU)

Adesão ao tratamento farmacológico em idosos hipertensos: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Adherence to pharmacological treatment in hipertensive elderly: an integrative literature review

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os idosos constituem a parte da população que apresenta maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e utiliza o maior número de medicamentos. Não há consenso sobre a definição e a maneira de avaliar a adesão ao tratamento. Para utilização dos instrumentos disponíveis é necessário espírito crítico, porque os fatores de adesão são complexos e multifatoriais, estando relacionados ao perfil sócio demográfico, ao paciente, ao relacionamento profissional de saúde/paciente, à doença, ao tratamento, ao sistema de saúde, ao uso de substâncias e à problemas sociais. Objetiva-se estudar conceitos, os fatores de adesão e causas de abandono e métodos para avaliação da adesão. CONTEÚDO: A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, IBECS, SciELO e PubMED, no período 1979 e 2014. A adesão é o comportamento de um paciente diante das recomendações médicas ou de outros profissionais de saúde quanto ao uso de medicamentos, adoção de dietas ou mudanças do estilo de vida. Enquanto a não adesão fica caracterizada pelo não seguimento da prescrição, o que gera um grande problema de saúde pública que pode afetar o indivíduo e a sociedade. Há inúmeros métodos diretos e indiretos para avaliação da adesão/não adesão, sendo que todos os métodos apresentam vantagens e desvantagens. CONCLUSÃO: A adesão ao tratamento é uma questão complexa, multifatorial, e é fundamental para se obter a redução dos níveis pressóricos e diminuição de complicações em pacientes idosos hipertensos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The elderly are the part of the population that has the highest prevalence of systemic hypertension and use the higher number of drugs. There is no consensus on the definition and how to assess treatment adherence. To use the available tools critical sense is needed because the factors of adherence are complex and multifactorial, being related to socio demographic profile, the patient, the relationship health professional/patient, the disease, health system, the use of substance and to social problems. The main purpose is to study concepts, adherence factors and causes of abandonment and methods for assessing adherence. CONTENTS: The article search was conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, IBECS, SciELO and PubMED, between1979 and 2014. Adherence is the behavior of a patient before the medical recommendations or other health professionals regarding the use of medicines, diets adoption of or changes in lifestyle. While non-adherence is characterized by not following the prescription which generates a major public health problem that can affect the individual and society. There are numerous direct and indirect methods for assessing adherence/non-adherence and all methods have advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSION: Treatment adherence is a complex, multifactorial issue and it is essential to obtain the reduction of blood pressure levels and to decrease complications in elderly hypertensive patients.

Prevalência de adesão a fármacos anti-hipertensivos: registro de mundo real / Prevalence of adherence to antihypertensive drugs: real world registry

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em desenvolvimento. Adesão a fármacos prescritos representa importante fator de bom prognóstico para os pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as taxas de adesão a fármacos anti-hipertensivos de pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS:Estudo de mundo real, multicêntrico, transversal, prospectivo e analítico, que recrutou 850 pacientes hipertensos (média de idade de 62 ± 11 anos, 225 homens e 625 mulheres) no período de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2012. Foram avaliadas as características clínicas, sociais, econômicas e culturais dos pacientes.A adesão aos fármacos anti-hipertensivos foi avaliada através do questionário de Morisky-Green. Foi realizada estatística descrita das prevalências das características analisadas. RESULTADOS:As principais características clínicas, sociais, econômicas e culturais dos pacientes foram dislipidemia (DLP) 319 pacientes (37%), diabetes mellitus (DM) 213 (25%), tabagismo 204 (24%), doença arterial periférica 159 (19%), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) prévio 69 (8%), doença renal crônica 37 (4%),analfabetismo 303 (35%), doença arterial coronariana (DAC) 85 (10%). Antecedentes familiares: HAS 142 (17%), DAC 96(11,2%), AVE 94 (11%), DM 90 (10%), DLP 77 (9%) e doença renal crônica 27 (3%). A taxa de adesão a fármacos anti-hipertensivos foi de 40%. CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de adesão aos anti-hipertensivos foi baixa, refletindo que menos da metade dos pacientes tomavam adequadamente os fármacos. Portanto a sua adesão representou importante fator do tratamento de hipertensos que necessita ser melhorado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Systemic hypertension (SH) is a public health problem both in developed and developing countries. Adherence to antihypertensive drugs representsan important factor for good patients' prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the rate of adherence to antihypertensive drugs among hypertensive patients. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective, analytical, real world registry, which enrolled 850 hypertensive patients (mean age 62 ± 11 years, 225 men and 650 women) between August 2010 and July 2012. Clinical, social, cultural and economic characteristics were evaluated. The adherence to antihypertensive drugs was assessed by Morisky-Green questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The main clinical, social, cultural and economic characteristics were: dyslipidemia (DLP), 319 patients (37%); diabetes mellitus (DM), 213 (25%); smoking,204 (24%); peripheral artery disease, 159 (19%); prior stroke, 69 (8%); chronic renal disease (CRD), 37 (4%); illiteracy, 303 (35%); coronary artery disease (CAD), 85 (10%). Family history: systemic hypertension, 142 (17%); CAD, 96 (11.2%); stroke, 94 (11%); DM, 90 (10%); DLP, 77 (9%); and CRD, 27 (3%). The rate of adherence to antihypertensive drugs was of 40%. CONCLUSION:The rate of adherence to antihypertensive drugs was low, showing that less than 50% of the patients were taking their medicines according to recommendations. Therefore, adherence to antihypertensive drugs represents an important point of treatment that should be improved.

Low prevalence of hypertension with pharmacological treatments and associated factors / Baixa prevalencia de hipertensao com tratamento farmacologico e fatores associados / Baja prevalencia de hipertension con tratamiento farmacologico y factores asociados

OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of the lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension. METHODS: In 2005, 3,323 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years old were evaluated. Blood pressure, weight, height and smoking status were assessed following the Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Hypertensives (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy) were evaluated for awareness of their condition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, as well as use of herbal or traditional remedies. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Most of the hypertensive subjects (92.3%), and nearly half of those aware of their condition were not treated pharmacologically. Among the aware, the prevalence of untreated hypertension was higher in men {PR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (95%CI 1.10;2.36)} and was lower in subjects under non-pharmacological treatment (PR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.42;0.79); there was no significant association with traditional treatments (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.44;1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension was more frequent in men, and was not influenced by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; it could not be explained by the use of alternative treatments as herbal/traditional medicines or non-pharmacological management. It is important to understand the reasons behind the lack of management of diagnosed hypertension and to implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the gap in the access to healthcare between developed and developing countries. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar os determinantes da falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 3.323 moçambicanos de 25 a 64 anos em 2005. A pressão arterial, peso, altura e tabagismo foram avaliados segundo o estudo Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance . Os hipertensos (pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg e/ou terapia anti-hipertensiva) foram avaliados para verificar se eram conscientes de sua hipertensão, se recebiam tratamento farmacológico ou não farmacológico e se usavam ervas ou remédios tradicionais. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (PR) para hipertensão não tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular e tratamento não farmacológico. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos hipertensos (92,3%) e quase metade dos conscientes de sua hipertensão não eram tratados com fármacos. Entre os que sabiam ser hipertensos, a hipertensão sem tratamento era mais frequente em homens (PR = 1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) e não podia ser explicada pelo uso de tratamento não farmacológico (PR = 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); não havia associação significativa com os tratamentos tradicionais (PR = 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSÕES: A falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão, mais frequente em homens, não se explica por outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, nem pelo uso de tratamentos tradicionais ou tratamento não farmacológico. É importante entender as razões da falta de tratamento da hipertensão diagnosticada e implementar medidas corretivas apropriadas, para reduzir as diferenças ...

OBJETIVO: Analizar los determinantes de la falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión. METODOS: Se evaluaron 3.323 mozambicano de 25 a 64 años en 2005. La presión arterial, peso, altura y tabaquismo fueron evaluados según el estudio Stepwise Approach to Chronic Risk Factor Surveillance. Los hipertensos (presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica 90 mmHg y/o terapia anti-hipertensiva) fueron evaluados para verificar si eran conscientes de su hipertensión, si recibían tratamiento farmacológico o no farmacológico, y si usaban hierbas o remedios tradicionales. Se calcularon los cocientes de prevalencia (PR) para hipertensión no tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y tratamiento no farmacológico. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los hipertensos (92,3%) y casi la mitad de los conscientes de su hipertensión no eran tratadas con fármacos. Entre los que sabían ser hipertensos, la hipertensión sin tratamiento era más frecuente en hombres (PR =1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) y no podía ser explicada por el uso de tratamiento no farmacológico (PR= 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); no había asociación significativa con los tratamientos tradicionales (PR= 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSIONES: La falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres, no se explica por otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, ni por el uso de tratamientos tradicionales o tratamiento no farmacológico. Es importante entender las razones de la falta de tratamiento de la hipertensión diagnosticada e implementar medidas correctivas apropiadas, para reducir las diferencias en el acceso a ...

Adaptacao brasileira de questionario para avaliar adesao terapeutica em hipertensao arterial / Adaptacion brasilena de cuestionario para evaluar adhesion terapeutica en hipertension arterial / Brazilian adaptation of the questionnaire to assess adherence to treatment for arterial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Descrever etapas da adaptação transcultural de questionário de avaliação de adesão terapêutica em hipertensão arterial, desenvolvido no idioma espanhol, para aplicação ao contexto brasileiro. MÉTODOS: A fim de estabelecer equivalências conceitual, de itens, semântica e operacional, foram realizadas duas traduções para o português de modo independente e duas retraduções para o espanhol. Traduções e retraduções foram avaliadas quanto à alteração nos significados referencial e geral. Realizaram-se duas aplicações de pré-testes com pacientes hipertensos e/ou diabéticos, com a versão síntese, que contribuíram para identificar diferentes problemas e confirmar decisões tomadas. RESULTADOS: A segunda tradução e retradução foram mais bem avaliadas, pois não houve alteração dos significados para cinco dos 12 itens do questionário. Foram feitas alterações operacionais, e uma vinheta com as opções de resposta e um exemplo no enunciado do instrumento facilitaram a aplicação nas entrevistas. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos na avaliação das equivalências conceitual, de itens, semântica e operacional permitiram chegar a uma versão em português do questionário MBG para avaliar adesão terapêutica para aplicação no contexto brasileiro. .

OBJETIVO: Describir etapas de la adaptación transcultural de cuestionario de evaluación de adhesión terapéutica en hipertensión arterial desarrollado en el idioma español para aplicación al contexto brasileño. MÉTODOS: con el fin de establecer equivalencias conceptual, de itens, semántica y operativa, se realizaron dos traducciones al portugués de modo independiente y dos re-traducciones al español. Traducciones y re-traducciones fueron evaluadas con relación a la alteración en los significados referencial y general. Se realizaron dos aplicaciones de pre-pruebas con pacientes hipertensos y/o diabéticos, con la versión síntesis que contribuyeron a identificar diferentes problemas y confirmar decisiones tomadas. RESULTADOS: la segunda traducción y re-traducción fueron evaluadas, pues no hubo alteración de los significados en cinco de los 12 itens del cuestionario. Se realizaron alteraciones operativas y una viñeta con las opciones de respuesta y un ejemplo en el enunciado del instrumento facilitaron la aplicación en las entrevistas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de las equivalencias conceptual, de itens, semántica y operativa permitieron llegar a una versión en portugués del cuestionario MBG para evaluar adhesión terapéutica para la aplicación en el contexto brasileño. .

OBJECTIVE To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire evaluating adhesion to treatment for arterial hypertension from its original Spanish version to a Portuguese version, to be applied in Brazil. METHODS In order to establish conceptual, semantic and operational equivalents of the items, two independent translations to Portuguese, and two back-translations into Spanish were performed. The translations and back-translations were assessed for changes in referential and general meanings. The synthesis of the translations was applied in pre-tests with patients with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes, which were important to identify different problems and confirm earlier decisions. RESULTS In general, the second translation and back translation were evaluated more positively because the translation process did not affect the meanings in five of the twelve items of the questionnaire. Operational changes were made and a vignette with response options and an example included in the instrument facilitated application in interviews. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the process of evaluating the items’ conceptual, semantic and operational equivalence allowed the construction of a Portuguese version of the MBG questionnaire to assess adherence to treatment which can be applied in the Brazilian context. .

Effect of lowering intraocular pressure treatment on ocular hemodynamics in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To observe the effect of lowering intraocular pressure(IOP) treatment on ocular hemodynamics in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).Methods A total of 68 patients with NAION (68 eyes) were enrolled in this study.The patients were randomly divided into treatment group (38 eyes of 38 patients) and control group (30 eyes of 30 patients).All the patients were received methylprednisolone pulse therapy (200 mg,three days),vasodilator therapy with intravenous infusion of Xueshuantong solution (300 mg),optic nerve nutritional therapy with mouse nerve growth factor (30 μg) and acupoint injection in temporal with compound anisodine (2 ml).The total course was 10 days.The patients of treatment group received IOP lowering treatment to reduce the IOP to ≥ 8 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) or in a 30％ reduction.The patients of control group received no IOP lowering treatment.The peak systolic velocity (PSV),pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of ophthalmic artery (OA),central retinal artery (CRA) and short posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) before and after treatment were comparatively analyzed by color doppler flow imaging.Results The differences of PSV (t=1.023,1.145,0.569),PI (t=0.679,0.956,1.634) and RI (t=0.816,1.657,0.998) of OA,CRA and PCA before treatment in treatment group and control group were not statistically significant (P＞ 0.05).Compared with before treatment,PSV (t=3.150,7.650,3.520) and PI (t=2.420,5.430,7.650) of OA,CRA and PCA increased obviously (P＜0.05),RI of OA,CRA and PCA decreased obviously (t=5.320,9.640,18.360; P＜0.05) after treatment in treatment group.In control group,the differences of PSV (t=2.090,-2.550,-2.100) and PI (t=-2.310,-2.230,-4.490) of OA,CRA and PCA between before and after treatment were not statistically significant (P＞0.05) ; but the differences of RI of OA,CRA and PCA between before and after treatment was statistically significant (t=2.970,2.160,2.690μ P＜0.05).Compared with control group,PSV (t=2.632,2.135,5.364) and PI (t=3.251,2.432,4.243) of OA,CRA and PCA increased obviously (P＜0.05),RI of OA,CRA and PCA decreased obviously (t=3.664,2.938,4.324; P＜0.05) after treatment in treatment group.Conclusion Lowering intraocular pressure treatment can improve the ocular hemodynamics in NAION patients.